Linda Burnell Essays

Linda Burnell Essays Linda Burnell Essay Linda Burnell Essay Article Topic: A Dolls House In this entry, we see Mansfields repeating subject of the clear vanity of womens survives the depiction of Linda Burnell, the mother of the family, appeared to us by the broad utilization of her continuous flow. Mansfield additionally utilizes this section to give Lindas relationship the male sex and, all the more explicitly, with her better half, Stanley. Linda is in the nursery and dreams the morning ceaselessly through this, Mansfield presents to us her evident aimlessness and lack of engagement in the exercises introduced to her by life. The scene and spot is set first by a huge piece of depiction of the nursery where Linda is lying in her liner seat. Mansfield utilizes analogies, for example, Each [] petal shone as though each was the cautious work of a caring hand to add enthusiasm to the portrayal and make connections between's the possibility of magnificence and work; that things can be delightful and require significant investment yet that eventually, nothing will keep going forever or hold any genuine load by the day's end. This leads us to the inside clash of Linda as she deals with how small importance her life has; she addresses Why, at that point, blossom by any means? Blossoming being the sexual multiplication of plants, we see the equals between Lindas undesirable youngsters and these squandered blossoms. This presents Mansfields trademark target correlative as she instigates the peruser to scrutinize the misuse of exertion for something stunning yet transitory. Savoring a few minutes alone, Linda walks around the nursery and seems to invest significant energy from the duties life has introduced to her. We see again the utilization of imagery as Mansfield thinks about her kids and the blossoms in the nursery; Linda castigates having no an ideal opportunity to appreciate the blossoms as along came Life and one was cleared away. This could be an immediate gesture towards Linda being rushed with her kids and along these lines having no an ideal opportunity to part the petals, to find the under-side of the leaf. Notwithstanding, with her young ladies mature enough to care for themselves, she seems to have more opportunity to herself and to appreciate these straightforward delights, in any event in the blossoms. It later becomes evident this could likewise mean her most youthful kid. We see this thought specifically with the envisioned discussion with her child. In spite of having persuaded herself regarding her unresponsiveness towards her kids, Linda ends up shocked by the happiness of the child and appears near the very edge of recovering those lost maternal desires. She begins saying that she doesnt like children yet gradually ends up feeling something so new, so However, as the kid loses enthusiasm for his mom, we are left with the feeling that it is past the point of no return for Linda to figure out how to adore him. It is conceivable that Mansfield expected the something pink, something delicate waving before him to be a representation for Lindas faltering friendship; this would legitimately give us how little solidness it held and how it would not really last or be caught by the kid. Lindas life is genuinely cliché of ladies at that point and not at all like numerous different characters introduced by Mansfield in such stories as Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding and even The Woman at the Store where the female heroes again approach this unending What for? Apparently surrendered to her life, Linda loses enthusiasm for her family and looks for time alone away from her kids. Youngster bearing has left her an unfilled shell; Mansfield utilizes the accompanying likeness to clarify it: it was as if a cool breath had cooled her totally on every one of those terrible excursions. Linda has been utilized as a rearing apparatus and rejects that it was the regular parcel of ladies to hold up under youngsters. She has become a virus character because of her kids and gets herself unequipped for adoring them. She grapples with this somewhat brutally, saying that regardless of whether she had the quality, she could never have breast fed or played with the young ladies. Notw ithstanding, through this and the discourse with her dad, we see that what she sees as her aloofness towards her kids may in certainty simply be her lack of concern towards her whole sex. After a youth where Linda and her dad are two young men together, she winds up push into the duties of a lady at that point. Clearly, she despises this and maybe observes her little girls lives as being similarly as useless as her own. Her child, be that as it may, presents a totally different domain of conceivable outcomes. This part gives her relationship with Stanley new profundity and measurement we see that she cherishes him for his effortlessness. This is intriguing, as effortlessness is commonly suspected of similar to an adolescent trademark, and she has such trouble in making the most of her posterity. All things considered, this effortlessness compels her to mother him; her entire life was spent in protecting him, and reestablishing him, and quieting him down, and tuning in to his story. This could help disclose to us that she feels that her mothering is totally spent and that there is not any more maternal warmth left for her kids. The dynamic of their relationship likewise seems to have changed as she sees her Stanley so sometimes. With the obligation of being a family man, Stanley has changed from having appealing whimsical characteristics, for example, meekness, affectability and blamelessness to being a less alluring, yet regardless adolescent, trouble requiring a lot of care. Putting her youngsters and her significant other in front of herself, Linda forgets about what her identity is and feels deceived by the world when seeing her general parcel. All through the section, Linda is painted as being seized and shaken and for the most part bothered. Childbearing having left her cool, she resists nature by apparently having no nurturing emotions at all. Life has torn her of her soul and she requests whether it [would] consistently be so and was there no way out? Regardless of this cool persona, Mansfield gives us that Linda was at one time a carefree character, at any rate as a youngster. She and her dad were quick to cut off some place, to get away. Two young men together. This gives us that, from the earliest starting point, Linda wanted to play with dolls or keep a play-house and, had she not been compelled by the limits of society at that point, would have had undertakings far higher on her rundown of needs than conjugal and maternal toiler. Basically, this entry assists with clarifying the social legislative issues of the time and the job of ladies, something which disturbed and entranced Mansfield. As one of the focal characters, Linda helps shape the story and everyone around her. It likewise addresses the feeling of obligation which this character has and her interior battle with her lack of interest towards it.

Modernity of Buddhism and Christianity

Innovation of Buddhism and Christianity Adib Rahim Draft: Tribal to Universal Religion Brief: Historians contend that strict conventions develop inside and through customs and convictions that as of now exist. These new religions obtain from, adjust, and dismiss more established customs, and their thoughts can regularly be followed back to various existing frameworks of conviction. The reports gathered in Tribal to Universal Religion assist you with following piece of that ancestry. Depending on a full investigation of the structure, style, and setting of these records, consider how new religions break out of their limited setting: How do Buddhism and Christianity draw from more established customs while making something new? History specialists have contended that conventions from religions have risen inside customs and convictions that have just existed previously. These religions frequently obtained, adjusted or dismissed the more established conventions to make what their religions are currently today. These religions acquired guiding principle however veered off. For instance we see this thought with Buddhism and Hinduism and Christianity and Judaism. We see a modification of old thoughts and new plans to engage individuals at an opportunity to end contention over the fundamental arrangement of qualities accepted at that point. Christianity continued a considerable lot of the qualities and thoughts of Judaism and yet fans out from the religion changing course. Christianity and Judaism are for the most part comparative as they put stock in this one god who is this all-powerful force. Christianity and Judaism likewise will in general offer estimations of the Hebrew book of scriptures (Old Testament) however Christianity includes the New Testament to. Paul turned into the most fiery minister of Jesus, going all through the Mediterranean changing over nonbelievers and relating with networks of individual devotees Paul spread his gospel to other people who were neither Jewish nor had known Jesus In this statement we see that the Pauls expectation was to get the message out of god. Like Judaism there is by all accounts this accentuation on this commitment to god. Jews were viewed as just put in this world to be just committed to god. This thought is spoken to with this thought of circumcision. Circumcision in the Old Testament was a representative demonstration to show your devotion/commitment to god to which a Jewish male was entered to an agreement with god. The person who isn't circumcised truly but then complies with the law will denounce you who despite the fact that you have the composed code and circumcision, are a culprit. Regardless of whether you are a Jewish male adhering to Judaism laws however you are not truly circumsized you arent really Jewish. However, theres additionally this comparative thought with Christianity that pledge with god is through the acknowledgment and conviction of your god. Christians werent just bound to stamp with this sign of circumcision. We see a similar thought with Judaism. A man isn't a Jew on the off chance that he is just ostensibly, nor is circumcision simply outward and physical. No a man is a Jew on the off chance that he is one internally: and circumcision of the heart, by the soul, not by the composed code. We see this comparing thought of c ircumcision all through the two religions. This benefit of being connected to just god is seen through the two religions. In contrast to Judaism, Christianity accepted that Jesus as god. Following the enduring of those days the sun will be obscured, and the moon won't give its light; the stars will tumble from paradise, and the forces of paradise will be shaken. At that point the indication of the Son of Man will show up in paradise, and afterward all the clans of the earth will grieve, and they will see the Son of Man going ahead the billows of paradise with force and incredible magnificence. What's more, he will convey his blessed messengers with an uproarious trumpet call, and they will assemble his choose from the four breezes, from one finish of paradise to the next. This statement from the Christian book of scriptures shows how Jesus is celebrated as this all-powerful resembling god portraying with much force and authority. We see phrases like stars will tumble from paradise a nd the forces of the paradise will be shaken . This suggestive language induces dread inside the peruser which the plan of a divine being should be as youre just dread ought to be god. In Buddhism we see that there are esteems and convictions that branch off of Hinduism yet at the same time veer off. The two religions have faith in this thought of resurrection and this thought enduring is brought about by connection to things and individuals in this physical world. There are two kinds of Hindus which are the Vedas and Upinishads There are two sorts of Buddhism generally known Theravada and Mahayana. Theravada Buddhism accepts vigorously on Buddha. Mahayana Buddhism has faith in this conviction that these authentic creatures exist in different domains however they can't help individuals in our physical world. The two of them share the basics of Buddhism however they despite everything emerge contrastingly in certain viewpoints. Not at all like Hinduism anybody can enter this condition of nirvana regardless of your position in the public eye or this station framework. We are acquainted with the young people of Buddha in Buddhism:Gotamas disclosure we see his first ex perience with this thought of Universal misery. We see Buddha being taken to a recreation center by his charioteer in his carriage. He experiences 4 unique men changing his view on his way of life. First he sees a man who is enduring with mature age. The second experience he sees a man who is enduring with disorder. The third experience he sees passing. This experience leaves Buddha exceptionally confounded as he is scrutinizing this thought of life, if life is just loaded with enduring of mature age, ailment and passing. He at that point experiences a man who is seemed to have a shaven head and a yellow robe that can be portrayed as lone. Buddha follows this man to disattach himself from widespread anguish. Was Buddha really a divine being or rather only a being loaded up with shrewdness. Interfacing this plan to Hinduism we see this thought of interrogating the essentials concerning the idea of life, demise and the proper behavior in understanding to your religion in The Bhagavad Gita. We are acquainted with arrive at along these lines of otherworldliness is to be honest. We see this twofold with the two religions with karma versus Dharma. Karma is the demonstration of something towards dharma which is a consecrated obligation. Each activity that we do has an equivalent response and through the span of their lifetime in the event that one is agreement with this perfect we can bit by bit work our karma. The individual whose psyche is in every case liberated from connection, who has curbed the brain and faculties, and who is liberated from wants, achieves the incomparable flawlessness of opportunity from Karma through renunciation. Convincingly we see the change of old thoughts that religions use to build up their guiding principle. We see this comparing thought with Christianity and Judaism and Buddhism and Hinduism.

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Essay on The Meaning of Authority - 1803 Words

The Meaning of Authority Authority: This can be defined as the power or right to give orders or make decisions an example of this being used is he has the authority to issue warrants. Authority is what maintains discipline; it enforces rules and regulations (helps to maintain it). Authority can come from one person or a group of people. Authority can have different meanings depending on the context in which it’s used in, it can mean: Y When somebody’s opinions is accepted because they have better knowledge on the subject area Y The right to enforce obedience on others Y Or when a person in authority passes power onto another person, then people follow the commands given.†¦show more content†¦You can make a complaint if you are a member of the public who: Y Has been the victim of the misconduct by a person serving with the police. Misconduct could include a police officer or member of police staff being rude to you or using excessive force. It could also include unlawful arrest or an abuse of your rights. Y Was present when the alleged misconduct took place, or close enough to see or hear the misconduct, and as a result suffered loss, damage, distress or inconvenience, or was put in danger or at risk. Y Is a friend or relative of the victim of the alleged misconduct, distressed by the effects of the incident on the victim. Y Has witnessed the alleged misconduct. Y Is acting on behalf of any of the above. If you would like someone to make a complaint on your behalf, you must give them your consent in writing unless they are from a body such as a Citizens Advice Bureau. The main complaints handled by the PCA are the following: Y Assault when under arrest Y Neglect of duty Y Breaches of Police and Criminal Evidence Act codes Once a complaint is put across to the PCA, a member is to look at the case and investigate whether the officer which would have been chosen by the Police Force. Regardless of how long the investigation takes this member will interact with the investigating officer exchanging findings about theShow MoreRelatedMax Weber s Sociology And Sociology Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pages1949) In Weber’s opinion, the actions can have two meanings: 1. An actually existing meaning to a specific action done by an individual, 2. A subjective meaning that is theoretically conceived. This type of pure meaning is called ideal type meaning. The ideal type meaning does not exist in reality but is created by the Sociologists to understand the meaning of social actions in a neutral scenario which is not driven by any external elements. This meaning does not define a realistic course of action butRead MoreThe s The Egg And The Sperm899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Construction and Use of Nature for Authority One common perception of nature is that it is something raw, untouched by human civilization. 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The rule of law often is stated to be one of the fundamental doctrines of principle of the UKconstitutional. Generally it has been seen as a characteristic feature of western liberal democracies. A widely-assumed meaning of the rule of law is that of peacefulRead MoreSynopsis Of A Book Meridian By Alice Walker Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor Alice Walker reshapes perceptions about who holds power and moral authority and what determines this by making â€Å"time out of joint† (choosing an interesting narrative structure, with a most important beginning) and employing symbolism and repetition. Abandoning chronological order forces a reader to constantly abandon preconceived notion about characters, events, movements, and even themselves. As a result, the meaning of reality, life, and what is normal is â€Å"resignified†. The effect of narrativeRead MoreSense and Domain for Father Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesSaeed defines sense as â€Å"the semantic links between elements within the vocabulary system is an aspect of their sense, or meaning.† In dictionary, father is defined as â€Å"a male parent in relation to his natural child or children.† This meaning is derived from the (nuclear) family view of parent and children relation. Then, what is a family? According to dictionary, family means â€Å"a group consisting of parents and children living together in a household.† In this sense, father is a important participant

Us History Essential Questions on Thomas Jefferson Essay

Chapter 11 Essential Questions 1) Why does Kennedy refer to the case of Marbury vs. Madison as â€Å"epochal?† Describe the short and long-term ramifications to the decision. The case of Marbury vs. Madison established judicial review of acts of Congress to determine if they are unconstitutional. It was so epochal because had it not established judicial review, Congress would be free to pass laws that are completely unconstitutional and a violation of the rights set in place by the first ten amendments. It brought order out of the chaos that occurred when Adams appointed the Midnight Judges. Over the long term, it has affected many congressional bills that if passed, would not be constitutional. 2)What basis did Thomas Jefferson†¦show more content†¦Explain. The first principle of government advanced by Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists before 1800 was the exploration and organization of Western Land set by the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787, part of the Articles of Confederation. These laws held through the Jefferson presidency and were largely the basis of exploration in the future. The second was the Bill of Rights set forth in the Constitution. They guaranteed the natural rights of citizens in the first ten amendments. The were maintained through the presidency and although debated, are in tact today. The third principle are the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. They called for state’s rights and supported nullification, which meant that a state can nullify a law that the federal government passes. This did not become public policy mainly because of Federalist opposition. It was fought for in the Civil war, and today states have to obey federal law. 4) Jefferson said â€Å"The day France takes possession of New Orleans we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation.† Why was he so alarmed? New Orleans was a key port on the Mississippi that gave the possessor a substantial amount of power in that area. France would gain critical access to the Mississippi River and have the ability to travel about it and maybe take land along the way. Possession of New Orleans would also give it access to western land, which is something America was after. America wouldShow MoreRelatedDid Thomas Jefferson Abandon His Ethics for the Lousiana Purchase1020 Words   |  5 PagesDid Thomas Jefferson give up his deeply held political values in order to purchase the Louisiana Territory from the French (P. 2)? This is the major question that has led to much debate within the early history of America (P. 1). 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When learningRead More The Goals of the Declaration of Independence Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pagescolonists; it was a historical movement that brought about new ways of thinking. The ideas of liberty and equality began to be seen as essential to the growth of the new nation. The separation of the American colonies from the British Empire occurred for a number of reasons. These reasons are illustrated in the Declaration of Independence. Although Thomas Jefferson wrote the document, it expressed the desire of the heart of each colonist to be free of British rule. British rule over the coloniesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Jefferson The Pillow By Roger Wilkins1289 Words   |  6 PagesInstitution: Date: Jefferson`s Pillow by Roger Wilkins Introduction This book is titled as such because the first memory Jefferson had was being carried on a pillow by a slave riding a horseback. 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SomeRead MoreAnalysis Of George Washingtons Farewell Speech1450 Words   |  6 PagesSwathi Jacob Mrs. Allen AP US History 2017 August 24 AP US History Summer Homework George Washington’s Farewell Address In this speech, George Washington urges for national unity, and discouraged political divisions since it divides the country, any permanent alliances, and spending too much for the military for it can inhibit the sense of freedom. He wants to maintain as a neutral country, and equal to each country to keep harmony and peace with other countries. This country needs sympathyRead MoreThe Education System Of The United States Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesEducation System Developed and Why Thomas Jefferson referred to education as a â€Å"diffusion of knowledge† in the bill he proposed to the Virginia legislature in 1779 (Jefferson, 1779, p.20). 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Skywest Free Essays

Case: SkyWest, Inc. and the Regional Airline Industry in 2009 Assignment Questions: What are the general economic conditions of the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Skywest or any similar topic only for you Order Now regional airline industry macroenvrionment? What is the relationship of the industry to the national and global airline industries? The U. S regional airline industry has been suffered and experienced declining of their profit. This case can be explained by the component of macro-environment. Focuses on the global forces and technology, the businesses nowadays have been changed dramatically to global business. What I meant by that is, not only do the business in domestically, but also with different nationality partners. It could lead them to think then, if the business has been changed to globally, more people will fly with the airline industry. However, the technology improved day by day tremendously that people who are doing the business do not required to fly. They can do the business by telecommunication, email, live meeting with visual, or etc. This improved technology could be the one reason that decline the passengers typically in categorized in business travelers. Another factor is General economic conditions. Lately, the world economy is experiencing a long recession which affect almost all the businesses not only just the airline industry. Many countries have difficulties with managing their financial status. The relationship between national and global airline industries seems does not too much different. Both U. S national airline industry and global airline industry are suffering from rising fuel cost, global recession, improved technology, safety issues, and etc. The world is connected as big one nation these day. If one failed, all the other parts will be falling apart as well. It’s just a matter of time when it would happen. What does a Five Forces analysis of the industry tell you about competition in the regional airline industry? Which forces tend to be the strongest? The weakest? The five forces analyses of the airline industries show that it has normally a intense competition which means their profit margin have been thin. Normally, overall impact of the five competitive forces is moderate to weak is good place to expect good profit and a nice return on investment. The strongest forces: The weakest forces: What factors are causing change in the regional airline industry? What is the individual and collective impact of these changes on the regional airline carriers? There are several factors that caused dramatic changes in the regional airline industry. Rising fuel cost is the one factor. Rising fuel cost is not the only issue for the airline industry, but for almost every business on earth. The amount of fuel that we could utilize is limited, but there is no alternative energy source for fuel yet for commonly used. Day by day, the cost of fuel rising, and typically airline industry are suffering from that. The cost of fuel takes parts almost 45% of the whole expense. Therefore, many airline companies are trying to lower the expense from somewhere other such as give pressure to lower or smaller airline company to reduce their cost or number of departure. The other factor can be the safety matter. After 9-11 tragedy, safety rises above the surface and became one of the main factors for the people who want to fly with airplane. The 9-11 terror affected to the people that stop using the airplane along with the new created government regulations which would cost airline companies to cost even more money. What are the key factors that determine success for companies in the regional airline industry? Make sure that the regional airline industry has enough partnerships with many different major airlines. The more partnership that regional airline have with major airlines, they will be guaranteed with stable income balance. Also, the customer satisfaction is the key factors for the success. Find the way to work with the major airlines that no immediate schedule change, accurate luggage system along with the departure/ arrival time, and safety. What is SkyWest, Inc. ’s strategy? What kind of competitive advantage is it trying to achieve? SkyWest Inc. is well-known airline company with its high customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction factors. Their strategy is keeping the strong factors and be more competitive with acquire more routines by partnership with major airlines other than United and Delta. By getting more partnership with other major airlines, the SkyWest Inc. an gain more routes and connection flight to the major cities which will increase their revenues. What are SkyWest’s competitively important resources and capabilities? What are its resource weaknesses and competitive deficiencies? Its market opportunities? Its external threats? Their important resources are their customer and employee satisfaction with the airline. The potential thre at could be the sister companies’ culture. The SkyWest Inc. is nonunionized airline, but ASA is unionized airline company. If the SkyWest Inc. mployees are unionized, there will be some decline in productivity and cost more money for airlines for each flight. What does an analysis of SkyWest, Inc. ’s financial statements reveal about the company’s performance? The SkyWest Inc. was suffered from 2004 through 2008 with decreased net profit caused by multiple factors such as rising fuel cost, decline on customer satisfaction, and etc. However, the financial statements for 2009 shows hope for the company that it can start pick back up their revenues. The airline is doing its best trying to increase their profit by acquisition and getting more partnership with major airlines. What recommendations would you make to the management of SkyWest, Inc. to strengthen the company’s competitive position and improve its financial performance? In the Service-Provide industry, customer should always be the main focus for the firm. No matter how good their product or cheap their product is, if the customer experienced or had bad impression from the firm, the chances for customers to come back would be very low. Fortunately, SkyWest Inc. is already well known for the good customer satisfaction with good safety standards and the quality of service during the flight. Therefore, the airline should put effort in to maintain what already they are strong and complement the weak points as well. The weak point that the SkyWest Inc. is their dependency to the major airlines. To increase their dependencies, the airline would need more contract with major airlines other than just Delta and United. Also, they need to start thinking in expanding their business internationally. China, Brazil, and other nation’s growth in airlines increase rapidly. Therefore, they need to look more into the international business not limited only for the U. S region. How to cite Skywest, Essay examples

Hoarding Behavior in Elderly People

Question: Discuss about theHoarding Behavior in Elderly People. Answer: Introduction Hoarding can be defined as the habit of acquisition of the valueless objects and the inability to discard such objects, which may appear to be valueless possessions for others. The prevalence of the hoarding behavior is seen in the elderly population of Singapore. Such behavior is mainly seen in the patients suffering with mental disorders. Hoarding behavior also result in stress, anxiety and many other physical and psychological problems. The aim of this paper is to provide the comprehensive literature review on the Hoarding behavior of the elderly people in Singapore. Hoarding is a very serious problem. Therefore, it is also important to analyze the motivations for hoarding. Paper will also discuss the data collected from the interview of two hoarders. Paper will use the particular scales (Clutter-Hoarding Scale and Conner Davidson Resilience Scale) to evaluate the hoarding severity and to compare the hoarders from non-hoarders. Paper will also make two psychosocial interventions a nd/or services for people with habitual hoarding behaviour in Singapore. Literature Review What is Hoarding? Hoarding is the habit of keeping the possession of the valueless things, which increases the excessive clutter, disability and also distress. According to American Psychiatric Association (2013), Hoarding is defined as an excessive acquisition of objects and inability to discard or part with possessions thatappear to have no value to others, leading to excessive clutter, distress and disability. Earlier hoarding behavior was considered s pathology, but now the studies have shown that not all hoarding behavior is pathological. It is associated with many mental disorders like depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, acquisition-related impulse control disorders (including compulsive buying, kleptomania and acquiring free things), generalised anxiety disorder, social phobia, inattentive-type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, schizophrenia or dementia (Choo et al, 2015). The problem of hoarding can lead to various environmenta l and social problems. This problem affects the family members, neighbors, individual himself and also a threat to the wider community. Hoarding has also considered being the reason of isolation in elderly population (Holmes, Wolter Harris, 2014). There are many problems associated with clutter accumulation. Clutter prevents proper cleaning of the houses or premises, hinders the proper accessibility and also increases the risk of fire and many health hazards. The older people in Singapore are the most vulnerable population that also go through extremely complex aging process. Ayers et al (2010) states that hoarding is a chronic disorder and clinical features of this disorder are mainly seen in the late life of an individual. The study also states that late life hoarding is associated with psychiatric and medical co-morbidities. Hoarding behavior is also related to the concept of possessions. Older people, who suffer from hoarding behavior, are mainly those, who feel connected to their old possessions, which they have being there since many generations. Such people also believe that their material possessions of who and what they are. Some of the people also believe that acquisition of possessions is associated with their social status. Possessions of different things, objects and brands are also associated with the memories of being associated with a social group. According to the study of Weatherhead (2015), in older life, possessions take on an increased role as aide de memoires of the life that has been lived, as an aid to reflection, for nostalgia and also a source of comfort. With the growing age, the attachment to the materialistic things also increases and deepens. Elderly people are more tend to surround themselves with such objects and possessions, which has followed them through good and bad times. It helps them to remember everything, which on the other hand also increases distress and anxiety. Ponner Cherrier (2008) examined that overflowing clutter harm the residents and family members and neighbor also suffer from odor and pest infections. Different epidemiological studies have been carried out to reveal the problems associated with hoarding. The study of Subramaniam et al (2016), found that Significant impairments brought about by hoarding behavior, such as relationship tension with those sharing the same living space, impairment in quality of life,and daily functioning, health, safety and hygiene concerns resulting from clutter. Hoarders Interviews For the purpose of this study, the data was collected from the interview of two extreme hoarders. The first hoarder is Mr. Lee, who lives in the populated residential area of Singapore. He is 68 years old and has accumulated the clutter of sports magazines. In his young age he was the captain of football team and an avid player. After an accident he lost the ability to play football. He has one room flat and he lives with his 21 years old son. Hi room is filled with old magazines that have also accumulated fungus due to moisture. He also suffers from chronic depressive disorder. He has persistent disability in discarding valueless possession, even after several requests made by his son. According to the Clutter Hoarding Scale Mr. Lee is found on the IV level. Structural damage is found in his house, which is more than 6 months old. Mold and mildew are also visible on the walls. Excessive spider webs can be found in the bed room and drawing room. Due to ineffective waterproofing on th e roof, the walls have been damaged. Since there is not much space in bedroom, so Mr. Lee uses a sofa to sleep and his son sleeps on floor. No cleanliness was noticed in the kitchen area. Another participant is Mrs. Chang, she is 72 years old. She is an elderly widow and lives alone in her flat. Recently she started sleeping outside her one room flat because of the useless clutter that she has hoarded in the memory of her husband. She also suffers from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) She had hoarded lot of bundles of newspaper, because it reminds her of her husband. Since two months she has been sleeping outside her home and cleaning dishes outside as well due to the clutter she has accumulated insider her house. According to Clutter hoarding scale, her house is found on level V. Structural damage and broken walls are visible in the house. There are no proper water and sewage connections in her house. The contaminants have exceeded the local ordinance level. Her house is filled with insects and mosquitoes. The chances of fire hazard are also very high. The food in the kitchen is rotting and due to lack of space she sleeps outside her house. Motivations of Hoarding The motivations for hoarding are associated with cognitive and behavioral problems. According to the cognitive behavior theory or the model of hoarding, the behaviour is driven by information processing deficits, fear of losing important items that the person believes will be needed later, distorted beliefs about the nature of possessions, exaggerated emotional attachment to possessions and avoidance of the anxiety associated with discarding and decision-making (Subramaniam et al, 2016). The behavior of Mr. Lee and Mrs Chang is also due to excessive emotional attachment and lack of proper decision making. According to the evidences provided in the study of Sagayadevan et al (2016), the functional hoarders have difficulty in disposing the useless clutter without any conscious motivation or control. According to the concept of semiotic analysis that main motivation found in the case of hoarder is the emotional connection with past. Comparison of Hoarders and Non-Hoarders According to the interview data collected it can be said that hoarders have reported significant impairment in mental health, physical functioning, family life, work life, relationships and also in academics in comparison to non-hoarders (Jarrett, 2013). People with problem of hoarding have les insight in comparison to non-hoarders (Subramaniam et al, 2016). When they are compared with the mental health patients in terms of stress and anxiety, hoarders are less likely to respond towards treatment. Tolin et al (2008) found that hoarders also suffer from many chronic mental health conditions and have higher healthcare utilisation than non-hoarding family members. It can also be said that they are less likely to fight with stress or depression. Recommendations and Conclusion Paper discussed the problem of hoarding behavior, which is a significant issue in Singapore. The elderly people suffer from the chronic hoarding conditions. Hoarding is the useless acquisition of materialistic things that are associated with good and bad memories. Paper discussed the hoarding behavior problem and provided the data collected from the interview of two hoarders. Hoarding is a serious medical condition, which has been well studied. Paper provides a comprehensive literature review of reliable resources. For the people with habitual hoarding behavior in Singapore the two recommendations for psychological intervention are as follows. The first recommendation would be that individual who hoard should be immediately referred for medical evaluation. They should also be provided with social and community support. Second recommendation is that Hoarding Task Force in Singapore must take aggressive actions for addressing the issue of hoarding in the local community. They must enco urage more people to inform immediately about such incidents. References American Psychiatric Association. (2013).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub. Ayers, C. R., Saxena, S., Golshan, S., Wetherell, J. L. (2010). Age at onset and clinicalfeatures of late life compulsive hoarding.International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,25(2), 142-149. Choo, K. W. Q., Lee, W. L., How, C. H., Ng, B. Y. (2015). Hoarding in Singapore.Singaporemedical journal,56(9), 484. Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Tolin, D. F. (2011). Comorbidity in hoarding disorder.Depressionand anxiety,28(10), 876-884. Jarrett, C. (2013). The psychology of stuff and things.PSYCHOLOGIST,26(8), 560-564. Ong, C., Sagayadevan, V., Lee, S. P., Ong, R., Chong, S. A., Frost, R. O., Subramaniam, M.(2016). Hoarding among outpatients seeking treatment at a psychiatric hospital in Singapore.Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders,8, 56-63. Ponner, T., Cherrier, H. (2008). Hoarding Behavior Attachment to Material Possessions(20: 00).NA-Advances in Consumer Research Volume 35. Sagayadevan, V., Lau, Y. W., Ong, C., Lee, S. P., Chong, S. A., Subramaniam, M. (2016). Validation of the clutter image rating (CIR) scale among psychiatric outpatients in Singapore.BMC psychiatry,16(1), 407. Subramaniam, M., Abdin, E., Vaingankar, J. A., Picco, L., Chong, S. A. (2016). Hoarding inan asian population: prevalence, correlates, disability and quality of life. Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Gray, K. D., Fitch, K. E. (2008). The economic andsocial burden of compulsive hoarding.Psychiatry research,160(2), 200-211. Weatherhead, S. (2015). A Psychological Perspective on Hoarding.Clinical Psychology,276, 1. Whitfield, K. Y., Daniels, J. S., Flesaker, K., Simmons, D. (2011). Older adults with hoardingbehaviour aging in place: looking to a collaborative community-based planning approach for solutions.Journal of aging research,2012.

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

Homeless essays

Homeless essays Being homeless means having no where to turn to, no shelter of your own, completely living on the streets. Homelessness is a shock to many, because it depicts someone just like us in our own society lacking the necessities we take for granted. These people who we often stereotype as bums, crack heads, losers and bagladies face the darkness we all fear. But truly, who are we to judge people? They too are humans, but are just not as fortunate as others may be.In North America, homelessness is a result of lower income individuals being unable to afford housing and other necessities to sustain a decent life. Homelessness is caused by several factors, some being divorce, drugs involvement, loss of job or just simply being unable to afford shelter. ( Cohen, page 75). Divorce, which took its toll on the United States during the 1970s , leading up to 1980s where over a half of marriages ended up in divorce.( Landau,page 24) With a lot of families being separated, and one income being stretched to provide for a family it creates financial hardships. Women were now forced to bear an unclear burden. The burden of feeling depressed, taking care of her children with no physical home, and the fear of their children are taken away from her. Drugs are a horrific contributing factor of homelessness on its own. It did not only leave that single mother high and hopeless but even that confused nine year old girl.(Landau, page 71).Homelessness affects everyone in a family especially the children because they are lacking a stable environment. Many are either on the streets with their families or are locked out of their homes. (Landau, page 74). Its not only that nine year old girl that is left alone, hungry, cold and terrified. Many teenage boys face this horrible dilemma. With no positive guidance, these young people are left to face the ugliness of the...

Detainees in Afghanistan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Detainees in Afghanistan - Research Paper Example The collection of materials is primary objective of the HUMINTS and should be pursued with due diligence in order to enhance the credibility of their findings. The purpose of the human intelligence should be intended to enhance human and technical collection techniques with due respect to the national laws. Collection of Information Collection of information is the major duty of HUMINT operations and it must be done with utmost care to safeguard their operations and yield good results. The credibility of collected information is vital to the success of the HUMNT operations and must be safeguarded at all costs in their operation. This is because this is their core mandate in their operations both nationally and internationally. The elements of the intelligence community are authorized to collect and retain any information based on the command of the organization in which they work for and the interest of the information they pursue.2 The procedures or information use and retention sho uld also be done after the consultation with the attorney general of the concerned state. Such procedures protect constitutional and other legal rights and limit the use of such information to unlawful government purposes thus infringing the rights of the victim. The use of electronic surveillance is only limited for the purposes of training, testing and conducting countermeasures to hostile electronic surveillance and is thus avoided in most instances. Inconsequential physical searches by the elements of intelligence community are also highly restricted by the law. The attorney general is delegated the power to give the necessary legal assistance and advice in the operations of the HUMINT practices. The elements of intelligence services are expected to cooperate with other appropriate law enforcement agencies for the purposes of protecting information and property of any element of the intelligence community. The members of the intelligence are authorized to provide special equipme nt, technical knowledge and necessary assistance when the lives of the suspects are endangered and support the local law enforcement agencies in necessary sectors. The provision of personnel services is limited to the approval by the general counsel in the concerned cases. The intelligence members are permitted to render any assistance and cooperate to law enforcement agencies and other civil authorities not precluded by the law in the course of their services.3 All the operations of the human intelligence members are required to be consistent with the law and any act of violation of the constitution is punishable by the courts of law. The participants of human intelligence services are not entitled to join or participate in any organization as they wish in the course of their operations. This can only be done in accordance of the procedures established by the head of intelligence and should be of the interest of the intelligence services. HUMINT Military Regulations The HUMINT has got various limitations and capabilities with regard to military operations in any part of the world. They have the ability to collect information and cross cue from endless variety of potential sources in all respects including detainees and related documents. They are to focus on collection of information not available by other means which includes information on threat intentions

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Personal Statement Example Other than the passionate desire to study engineering, my environment thus far has extensively molded my aspirations and outlook in life. For instance, my college, St. Joseph’s, sparked an interest in me to study daily applications of engineering. As a result, I have gained a habit of being analytical; evaluating everything I encounter either in secondary information sources, like the Cuban Missile Crisis or in real life, like the basic operation mechanism of a refrigerator. This investigative tendency continues to spur my curiosity in mechanical engineering. I also recognize the fact that, mechanical engineering makes it possible for one to comprehend not only why gadgets work, but also their inherent working mechanism. My home city is also an inspiration, especially given its status as one of the world’s ports. The ability to coordinate all the ships that dock or leave port requires intensive mechanical engineering work and knowledge. Therefore, I acknowledge the impo rtance of the discipline, having had the opportunity to observe it in practical applications. The cultural diversity of Hong Kong also equips me with a unique set of skills, that is, the ability to fit in and interact productively with members of different cultural backgrounds. As a St. Joseph’s graduate, I have had the opportunity to explore diverse activities and not just academics. I developed enthusiasm for cross-curricular activities, given the fact that the college encourages students to be all rounded. Other than representing my college in water polo and tennis, I pride myself in having been a leader of the school’s drama club. This gave me a unique chance to work with numerous schools in successful production of plays meant for the public. While I may not be an excellent dramatist or actor, I gained the position for my ability to direct a team and coordinate creation of functional stage props. The experience was rather exhilarating since I was able to combine m y passion for engineering with artistry and attain an outcome that earned me respect and recognition. It was also intriguing to formulate solutions to deal with basic engineering problems like stability, which are often undermined and mostly studied theoretically. Although it was initially difficult to coordinate the team, it later became an exemplary experience to explore different scientific aspects in dealing with emerging engineering challenges. I learnt that although it is rewarding to get successful outcomes in the end, the teamwork and progress involved in the course of development are highly significant. The Joint Drama Club production also taught me a lot about being a responsible leader and about efficient time management. These are crucial aspects in balancing hobbies and academics, as well as, work in the future. Whenever I watch car rallies like NASCAR’s on television, or even pass by sports vehicle showrooms, I cannot help but imagine myself being actively invol ved in their manufacturing process. Studying a distinguished mechanical engineering program in an overseas university like yours will certainly be a step towards achieving this dream. Personal Qualities, Talent, Accomplishment and Contribution Growing up, I have discovered that communication is extremely important for an engineer. This aspect that is extremely crucial in recognizing success. Nevertheless, I have learnt that communication is not an easy aspect especially when dealing with many people. This needs a lot of self discipline and patience in order to be good in dealing with customers and

The Impact Of Structural Adjustment Programmes In Africa Finance Essay

The Impact Of Structural Adjustment Programmes In Africa Finance Essay Illustrating your answer with specific examples, evaluate the impact of structural adjustment programmes on agriculture in southern Africa. Introduction The impact of Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) on the performance of Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) has been deeply investigated and, despite what the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank claimed, adjustment policies have often had a negative impact on the poorest and most vulnerable sections of the regions population. In particular, The SAPs in Africa have certainly contributed to some changes in the agricultural sector: in a continent where more than 70 percent of the population is involved in agriculture, the last two decades have seen a relatively poor sectors performance, opposed to the post-independence condition of self-sufficiency of most of the regions countries (Mkandawire and Bourenane, 1987). This essay will look more deeply into some of the impacts of SAPs on agriculture, focusing on the experience of Zambia as an example of IMF adjustment programs which failed to fully address the nature of the countrys economic crisis, caused by both external causes and domestic policy shortcomings. After a brief introduction on the economic situation of the country and the factors that led to the adoption of SAPs, the essay will proceed by evaluating some of the main ways in which agriculture has been affected by structural adjustment programs, looking in particular at the consequences on production patterns as well as on the people involved in agriculture. The last section draws conclusions. I. During the last century, the role of agriculture in the Zambian economy and the policies associated to it have greatly varied. The country went from a flourishing self-sufficient agriculture of the pre-colonial period, to a neglected rural sector and a copper-dependent economy during the colonial period, to a return to agriculture as a way out of the economic crisis. During the colonial period (1890-1964), agricultural activity was divided among two classes of farmers: European settler farmers, supported by the state through advantageous policies, and African subsistence peasant farmers, used mainly as a labour reservoir, and to which access to good land was restricted (Mwanza, 1992). At this time, the role of agriculture was especially supportive to the provision of low priced food and cheap supplies of labour to the expanding industrial economy (ILO, 1987). Maize was the principal commodity constituting 90 percent of all marketed cereals, accompanied by secondary export commodities such as coffee, cotton, tobacco and groundnuts. At independence, the United National Independent Party (UNIP) attempted to diversify the economy by developing agriculture to secure food self-sufficiency and reduce the dependence on the copper industry. A single-channel marketing system, fixed agricultural producer prices, and subsidies in the maize area are examples of the policies put in place to offset the damage caused by an already declining mining industry (Mkandawire and Bourenane, 1987). However, such policy experiments did not reach their objectives, and Zambia went through economic deterioration in the 1970s due to both external shocks (oil crises and falling prices of copper), and inefficient domestic economic policies (e.g. a static and inflexible economic structure) (Seshamani, 1990). The government started to borrow in order to maintain the same levels of import, increasing the countrys indebtedness that reached unacceptable levels, for a total of almost $4.5 billion a t the end of 1982 (Jansen and Rukovo, 1992). With no significant recovery of the economy, the increasing budget deficit obliged the government to start getting conditional loans within the framework of the IMF/WB SAPs. II. A first series of SAPs was adopted in Zambia between 1983 and 1987, with the aim of restoring the countrys financial stability through trade liberalization, currency devaluation, and reduction of government spending, including the removal of food and input subsidies (Saasa, 1996). Preliminary liberalization took place in the years 1983-1985, when a foreign exchange auction system was introduced. The IMF/WB program collapsed in 1987, mainly due to the unsustainable depreciation of the domestic currency (the Kwacha) that fell from a pre-auction rate of K 2.20 per US$ to K 21 per US$ of the last auction (Wulf, 1988). After a brief attempt by the Kaunda government to put up its own New Economic Recovery Programme between 1987- 1989, Zambia went back to the IMF/WB SAP starting from 1989, and the reform periods went on with the following government. In agriculture, the SAP aimed at promoting agricultural exports, improving food production and limiting government intervention in the market (Simatele, 2006). Before the introduction of SAPs, the government put in place highly subsidized measures to assist agricultural production growth such as crop-marketing depots that reached the entire country, the introduction of fixed crop prices, and provision of tractor ploughing services, credit and fertilizer (Jansen and Rukovo, 1992). Such measures were replaced by agricultural adjustment policies that included the removal of subsidies, food prices decontrol, abolition of equity pricing, and liberalization of agricultural marketing (Mwanza, 1992). During the short period of the New Economic Recovery Programme, the Kaunda government failed to support agricultural development, and not surprisingly, given the fact that the same measures which undermined agricultural production and which led to foreign borrowings were re-adopted: revaluation of the kwacha, food subsidies, and price controls. But lets look at the consequences of reforms in more detail. The introduction of SAPs in Zambia affected agriculture in a number of ways. This essay will focus on the consequences on food production (in particular on changes in the cropping patterns), and on the people that practice agriculture, especially smallholders. The reforms had an impact on food production and cropping patterns due to two main factors: first, an increase in agricultural production costs, and second, a decrease in access to credit. Production costs rose in Zambia following a decrease in (i) the exchange rate, and (ii) agricultural subsidies. The countrys food production is dependent on the exchange rate especially in terms of input prices. The newly adopted foreign exchange auction system (1985) made it difficult for the government to plan a consistent pricing policy, and agriculture, as a priority sector for the economic restructuring, was uncompetitive in the foreign exchange auctions. As a consequence of the auctioning, the local currency (Kwacha) depreciated, increasing the prices of imported goods and inflation. Whereas a 50kg bag of fertilizer cost K26.75 during the 1984/5 season, it rose to K48 during the 1985/6 season (Sano, 1988). This had a strong impact on the very import sensitive Zambian farming. First, the production of the main crop, maize, is heavily dependent on imports of fertilizers and other items such as empty grain bags. Even though Zambia needs less fertilizer than other countries, as Mal awi, due to the abundance of good arable land, such input is by far the most important and most costly used, especially by small farmers. Second, petrol and trucks for the transport of agricultural produce must also be imported. These inputs are highly necessary in a country with a low level of population density and a skewed pattern of urbanization. As a consequence of exchange rate auctioning, production costs rose, and farm gate maize prices became less favourable, especially for small-scale maize producers in peripheral areas of the country (Jansen and Rukovo, 1992). With increasing input prices, the government, in order to maintain production, was obliged to augment producer prices correspondingly: maize reached K55 per bag in the1985/6 season (Sano, 1988). This, together with good weather conditions, contributed to the rise of agricultural output at a level of 9 percent of GDP in 1985 (Wulf, 1988). However, due to a higher rate of population growth, GDP was still declining. Th e rise of producer prices has been certainly beneficial, but the absence of infrastructural improvements and other consequences of liberalizations such as high inflation undermined output improvements. Before the reform period, the government both delivered inputs to, and collected outputs from farmers, even in the more remote areas. However, with the introduction of the SAPs in the 1980s, subsidies connected to agricultural production were severely reduced. Removal of food subsidies, previously put in place mainly to provide cheap food for urban residents, did not affect poor farmers (Sahn, 2004). However, the removal of other subsidies such as those on transport and on inputs did have an impact on agriculture, and especially on smallholders. The reduction of transport subsidies undermined farmers access to markets and increased the cost of production. Both small and large farmers were adversely affected by transport subsidy removals, but while large scale farmers suffered less from the price increase due to their closeness to markets and roads, the remoteness of many smallholders further increased their costs of production. Village processing was replaced by large-scale mills, ad ding extra transportation costs that, together with the absence of subsidies, made the food system highly inefficient, negatively affecting rural residents and their produce. Agricultural production was also affected. Being maize the major and most commercialized food crop in the country, its dependence on factors such as distance to markets and credit is higher than for other crops. As a study by the African Economic Research Consortium shows, maize has a negative response to distance from the market (Simatele, 2006). On the contrary, other crops such as cassava have mainly local basic markets, and their production is not as much affected by the removal of transport subsidies. The de-subsidization of agricultural inputs, as for example input credit or less costly fertilizer, also had an impact on agriculture. Their removal entailed a credit squeeze and caused an increase in production costs, negatively affecting especially small-scale food production. A second factor that had an impact on food production was the decline of access to credit. Before the introduction of SAPs, agricultural credit was provided by government-owned companies such as the Agricultural Finance company (AFC), and by commercial banks. Although commercial farmers have mainly financed their operations through private banks, smallholders have relied mostly on government loans, because of the low repayment rates connected to it. With the liberalization of the financial markets, credit and its pricing was no longer controlled, and farmers had to compete with other potential borrowers to get it. Credit provision was left mainly to the private sector, that failed in filling the gap. For smallholders it has been very difficult to obtain loans from financial institutions, both because of their exposition to high risks (i.e. physical conditions of the environment, health problems), and because of their isolation (poor transportation and communications). Because the pri vate sector often refused to serve the rural areas, the opportunity was left to local moneylenders, if present, to exploit their monopolistic positions and charge the small farmers high interest rates. In any case, interest rates escalated, causing a problem for loan repayment: from 43 percent in 1990, to 46 percent in 1991 (Geisler, 1992). In Solwezi District in the North Western Province, the progression of interest rates charged by Lima Bank during the 1993/94 cropping season reached 120% in September,1993 (Kajoba, et al,1995, p.9). Attempts to solve the problem of credit access, included those leaving smallholder credit provision to the private sector, most of the times resulted inefficient and failed. An example of such attempts is the launch of the Agricultural Credit Management Programme (ACMP) in 1994, which was meant to support the private sector in credit provision by giving fertilizers and seeds on credit through credit managers who would in turn provide these inputs to f armers through local credit coordinators (Pletcher, 2000). The ones that mostly benefited from this system have been the stockists and traders at the expense of smallholders. The problem of credit provision with liberalization continues to exist, and will probably persist as long as the private sector and the government do not reach an agreement on the development of efficient input supply networks. It is clear that SAPs in Zambia had a negative impact primarily on the smallholder subsector, that between 1980 and 1994 contributed about 40 percent of the agricultural output (Chiwele et al., 1998). The increase of production costs and the decrease in access to credit have introduced new difficulties for smallholders disposing of less means to overcome adverse conditions than commercial farmers. Moreover, while commercial farming systems are concentrated along the rail line, remote farmers, once relying on support of the state, have been cut off as the private sector was not able to fill the gap caused by liberalization. The new private sector-led marketing system initiated in 1992, in fact, has not so far been successful in carrying out its functions to the same extent as the cooperatives previously did. Most traders own very little transport and storage facilities and tend to depend on hired material. The bigger constraint, however, has been traders lack of access to capital. As a consequence of the marginalization of remote farmers, volatility and desperate selling right after the rains have increased, leading to a decrease of selling prices and a affecting of the market (Chiwele et al., 1998). Concerning cropping patterns, the adoption of SAPs and the cost increase have contributed to the rise in production of other crops as millet, sorghum, and cassava. In fact, even though today maize is still grown in large quantities in Zambia, from 1980 to 2005 Cassava production went from 360000 to 1056000 tons, while millet production from 20000 to 29583 tons (FAOSTAT, 2010). The area planted to maize declined 43 percent between 1989 and 1999. During the same period, the area planted to cotton increased by 65 percent, and the area for groundnuts grew by more than 100 percent (Mukherjee, 2002, p.27-28). Smallholders withdrawal from maize cultivation might be considered as a threat, in the sense that it would negatively affect the policy of self sufficiency in maize, leading to the need of importing the crop from the neighbouring countries (Sano, 1988). In mid-1987, only about 6.5 million bags of maize were expected from current harvest, necessitating large and costly imports of the s taple once again (Good, 1988, p.45). However, the introduction of maize as the main commercial crop was a post-independence policy that encouraged inefficiency and lack of differentiation by giving incentives to the farmers to move away from the production of other crops into maize. But the ecology of the country makes it more suited for certain crops than others, according to the area of cultivation. Maize is ecologically suited to less than half of the country, and requires new skills and large labour and capital inputs in comparison to other starch staples (Mkandawire and Bourenane, 1987, p. 292). The dominance on one crop partially explains why less than 20 percent of the countrys arable land was under cultivation (Saasa, 1996). In the period pre-SAPs, the government introduced rural development programs that promoted the cultivation of maize as a cash and food crop. Rising subsidies have coincided with the rapid advance of maize production, even in areas where it previously had a minor role (i.e. parts of the Northern Province). Such policy made small-scale farmers dependent on the government, on both subsidies provision (as those on fertilizers, transport, marketing and credit), and on a single cereal (Kajoba, 2009). Adjustment reforms have shifted the attention to competing grains and tubers i.e. millet, sorghum, and cassava for a number of reasons. First, these crops are generally cultivated with little or no chemical dressings, requiring much less inputs (Kydd, 1988). Second, they have mainly local basic markets, and their production is not so much dependent on transport services, and therefore subsidies. This also affects the issue of access to markets, which has been decreasing for smallholders with the liberalization reforms. Third, these crops are drought resistant and more traditional in some parts of the country than maize, and their production might contribute to an increased efficiency on the food system, as harvest fluctuations might be red uced and marketed food supply might be more regular. Also, alternative crops sometimes have non-monetary credit available, allowing easier forms of repayment by farmers. For these reasons, a gradual move away from maize might even be beneficial to agriculture to some extent, as it could contribute to an increased efficiency of the food system. Moreover, in the long term, an increase in the production of cheap un-subsidized food could provide a more sustainable solution. CONCLUSION This essay has looked at some of the main consequences on agriculture of policy reform measures undertaken through structural adjustment programmes in Zambia. Both production patterns and smallholder farmers were affected by the reforms. Production costs rose following a decrease in the exchange rate and in agricultural subsidies, and access to credit decreased following liberalization. These patterns negatively affected especially small-scale farmers, unable to cope with increasingly adverse production conditions, while left the bigger, commercial farmers closer to the market better off. Improvements in the small-scale sector have further been undermined by problems in the provision of agricultural support services by private actors. Alternative crops are increasingly grown as a consequence of rising production costs related to maize, and this pattern might provide a solution for a more sustainable and more efficient food system. Certainly, the countrys situation pre-SAPs and the in efficiency of its agricultural policies required some kind of reforms: a food system focused on maize, a structure of production and consumption along the line of rail and in the copperbelt, a transport system sustained by subsidies and an export agriculture affected by an overvaluation of the exchange rate (Sano, 1988). However, the enforcement of a standard package of policy measures has proven unsuccessful in addressing the nature of Zambias economic crisis. SAPs focused excessively on price policy reforms, that have been not able to induce agricultural growth alone. Price stabilisation programmes need to be carefully designed so as not to turn into a fiscal drain and an obstacle to production diversification. Reforms in agriculture are still taking place and policies are therefore still changing. Credit access, input markets design and the way through which institutions can enhance smallholder agriculture are areas that require a particular attention when formulating policies th at will enhance the countrys agricultural potential.

Men are Becoming More Evil Essay

I believe that in the last couple of decades man is becoming more evil. Many blame the media. Then there are those who blame the increasing number of dysfunctional family and the weakening relationship between parents and children. Whatever the cause, one thing is clear, and that is men are becoming more cruel, violent, inhuman and evil. Global crime rate, for example, has shown that all countries around the world have steady increase in robbery, homicide and other crimes. The total recorded crime trends have therefore shown similar steady increase in the last 50 decades. This was reported by the United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems. Juvenile delinquency is also increasing as reported by World Youth Report, 2003. In fact, in many Western European countries, from the 80s to the 90s, statistics show that there is a significant increase in juvenile delinquency rate from 50% to 100%. Moreover, although delinquency is universal, study has shown that there are different contributing factors to delinquency among different regions. For example, in Africa, the main cause is poverty, unemployment and malnutrition. In Asian countries, it is an urban phenomenon. In some countries, especially those in the Golden Triangle region, children are used by the drug industry, thereby becoming addicts themselves. Also in this region, children are victimized by human trafficking. In Latin America, it is homelessness and poverty. Arab world, it is urbanization for the rich countries and socioeconomic difficulties for the developing ones. While in many industrialized countries, such as the US, the main factor is increase in consumer goods. What this shows is that across the globe and with different factors, delinquency is becoming a way of life for many children. Gone are the days when children are innocent. Today they grow up in a world of violence, injustice and inhumanity that they themselves become violent, cruel and evil. Their crimes can be considered most heinous. In the last fifteen years school shootings is becoming more common. Then there are children who are not even in their teens commit senseless and extremely cruel crimes, such as Jon Venables and  Robert Thompson who stole, tortured and murdered a two year old boy. Whether this is caused by the environment, the media or family upbringing, it is clear that men are therefore becoming more evil. Becoming evil of course is a process as it does not happen overnight. It means that there is hope yet for the future generations. Societies might change and evil men might repent and turn their backs on their evil ways. But until that day comes, we see man becoming more evil with each passing day.

Dangerously alluring Essay

‘Dangerously alluring’, to what extent is this an accurate estimation of Richards Character?  Richard III. One of the most complex characters in Shakespeare’s various plays. Psychologically, he is an enigmatic individual, who possesses a number of contradictory characteristics, which qualify him as a fantastic villain. He is a man so determined to succeed, that he can almost be perceived as slightly insane. His three dimensional character means that there is a side of him that will appeal to the audience, and absorbs the viewer into his world of madness, irony, and mayhem. There is no other suitable way to characterise Richard, apart from ‘Dangerously alluring’, as I will prove in a psychosomatic analysis of Richard in the play ‘King Richard III’. One of Richard’s most dangerously alluring characteristics is his manipulative speech. He is undoubtedly the most articulate character in the whole of the play, making him dangerous to encounter. He proves, throughout the play, that, with the aid of his ‘honey words’, he can free himself from any situations that may jeopardise, his plot and thus his path to the throne. One of the most improbable situations, which Richard’s verbal dexterity allows him to escape, is his confrontation with Anne (Act I Scene III), at the funeral of her late husband Edward Prince of Wales, who died at the hands of Richard following the Battle of Tewkesbury. Of course Anne feels pure hate towards Richard because of the pain he has inflicted upon her and her family. In the beginning of their encounter her revulsion towards Richard is evident in the tone of her speech;  Ã¢â‚¬ËœFoul devil, for God’s sake hence, and trouble us not†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  It is quite clear that Anne holds, in her heart, a passionate hatred towards Richard, as he ruined her family. Other examples of her abhorrence of Richard are the names, to which she refers to him with,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦infection of a man’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœFoul devil†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦thou lump of foul deformity’  The latter insult is very wounding towards Richard as it refers to his deformity, i.e. his withered arm, which he is very aware of, he makes many comments throughout the play about it,  (Act I scene I) ‘Cheating of feature by dissembling Nature’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœBut I, that am not shaped for sporting tricks†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘†¦descant upon my own deformity.’  And thinks himself inferior because of it,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦since I cannot prove a lover†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  This reference to Richard’s deformity, by Anne reflects how angry she is. In some parts of the confrontation she even curses him,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœEither heav’n with lightening strike the murderer dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  Previously, before Richard enter the scene she makes many hurtful curses upon Richard and his prospective wife,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœIf ever he have a child, abortive be it;’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœMay fright the hopeful mother at the view †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  With hindsight it is clear to see how ironic these curses are because Anne ultimately becomes Richard’s wife. Yet how was Anne transformed from hatred, to an ounce of affection, after the crimes Richard has committed against her and her family? Simply, when she finally gives Richard an opportunity to speak, Anne is lured by his dexterity in the art of decei t. He skilfully turns the blame towards, as he claims it was her beauty which drove him towards such heinous crimes, ‘Your beauty was the cause of that effect†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  His disingenuous tactics prove advantageous as slowly but surely she calm, falling a prey to his deception. Allowing Richard time to speak is a fatal error as she lets her guard down and becomes susceptible to his lies.  At one point he gauges that he has turned her mind from hate to slight affection, and offers her his sword to kill him for his crimes, and to rid him of the pain he feels because of the great ‘affection’ he feels for Anne which is not mutual;  Ã¢â‚¬ËœLo here I lend thee this sharp pointed sword  Which if thou please to hide in this true breast†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  His verbal skill is and obviously has been influential enough to turn Anne’s feelings, and he has picked a key moment to prove his love, as at any point before she perhaps would have gladly buried the sword in his chest. He picks the right moment where she has been stunned and confused by his actions, and the fact that he has offered his sword for Anne to kill him, confirms his ‘true’ feelings for her. He even previously utters some very callous words about Anne and his feelings towards her,  ANNE; ‘Some dungeon’  RICHARD; ‘Your bed chamber’  The fact that Richard has the courage to utter such a tasteless comment speaks highly of his audacity and confidence, and shows that he gauges that he has the intelligence to remedy this whole situation, no matter how difficult the predicament he finds himself in is. His air of confidence is dangerously alluring because it shows him to be a very strong character, and some women find confidence an attractive quality. Richard III’s character explores the attraction of an anti hero, just as Heathcliff did in the novel Wuthering Heights. In this scene of the play Richard uses his skill to win Anne over and accomplish another part of his plot to become King. Richards’ intelligence allows him to see that by marrying Anne he is safe-guarding his position on the throne as he will have an alliance with the House of York through his own blood and Lancaster through Anne’s. He shows how he can exploit Anne to make his path to being King even stronger. This scene is perhaps the best example of how dangerously alluring Richard is as when you contrast the beginning and the end of the scene it is clear to see what Richard has accomplished.

Poetry - 1969 Words

Love Poem Analysis: Linda Pastan is an American poet of Jewish background. She was born in New York on May 27, 1932. Today, she lives in Potomac, Maryland with her husband Ira Pastan, an accomplished physician and researcher. She is known for writing short poems that address topics like family life, domesticity, motherhood, the female experience, aging, death, loss and the fear of loss, as well as the fragility of life and relationships. Love poem is a very simple poem yet it has a deep dimension if you read analytically. In fact she didn’t get straight to the point that she was primarily addressing which is the â€Å"love poem†. Pastan goes on to describe the form of the poem rather than going on to talk about the love itself that†¦show more content†¦Each of the four parts ends at the moment when description yields to directly quoted speech: this speech first takes the form of the reaper’s whispering identification, then of the Lady’s half-sick lament, then of the Lady’s declaration of her doom, and finally, of Lancelot’s blessing. Each stanza contains nine lines with the rhyme scheme AAAABCCCB. The â€Å"B† always stands for â€Å"Camelot† in the fifth line and for â€Å"Shalott† in the ninth. The â€Å"A† and â€Å"C† lines are always in tetrameter, while the â€Å"B† lines are in trimeter. In addition, the sentence structure is line-bound: most phrases do not extend past the length of a single line. Commentary Much of the poem’s charm comes from its sense of mystery and ambiguity; of course, these aspects also complicate the task of analysis. That said, most scholars understand â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† to be about the conflict between art and life. The Lady, who weaves her magic web and sings her song in a remote tower, can be seen to represent the thoughtful artist isolated from the movement and activity of daily life. The moment she sets her art aside to gaze down on the real world, a curse befalls her and she meets her tragic death. The poem thus captures the conflict between an artist’s desire for social involvement and his/her doubts about whether such a commitment is viable for someone dedicated to art. The poem may also express a more personal dilemma for Tennyson as a specific artist: while he felt an obligation to seek subject matterShow MoreRelatedA Poetry Explication Of Poetry972 Words   |  4 PagesA Poetry Explication of â€Å"Introduction to Poetryâ €  A poetry explication is a fairly short analysis, which describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other literary elements that make up a poem. These elements help the reader have an understanding of the poem and what the author is trying to convey in a very effective way. Most young readers don’t usually understand the poems. 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